CIVIL ENGINEERING GLOSSARY

243 essential terms — every one cross-linked to its IS code

From dead load to development length, slump test to shear wall — the working vocabulary of Indian civil engineers, each with its IS / IRC code reference, formula, typical values, and free calculator.

Concrete

30

Bleeding of Concrete

Upward migration of mix water to the concrete surface. Excessive bleeding causes weak top layer, dusting.

Concrete Admixtures

Plasticizers, accelerators, retarders per IS 9103

Min concrete from rebar to surface (15-50mm per exposure)

Concrete Curing

Min 7 days for OPC, 10 days for PPC, 14 days for sulphate-resistant

Concrete Grades (M15-M80)

M20=20 N/mm² characteristic strength at 28 days

Concrete Mix Design

Proportioning of cement, water, aggregates per IS 10262

Concrete Placing Temperature

Should not exceed 30°C as per IS 7861. Above this, retarders, ice chips, or chilled water are required.

Creep & Shrinkage (Concrete)

Time-dependent deformation of concrete under sustained load

Cube Test (Compressive Strength)

150mm cube compressive strength test at 7/28 days (IS 516)

Early Age Strength of Concrete

Strength gain at 1, 3, 7, 14 days — typically 16%, 40%, 65%, 90% of 28-day strength for OPC.

fck (Characteristic Strength)

5% probability lower limit at 28 days

Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (FRC)

Concrete with discrete steel, glass, or polymer fibers added to control crack widths and improve toughness.

High Strength Concrete (HSC)

Concrete with characteristic strength above M60. Requires silica fume, low w/c (<0.35), and quality aggregate.

Honeycomb in Concrete

Voids in concrete from poor compaction or formwork leakage. Repair with grouting; severe cases require demolition.

Weak, porous layer of cement fines and water on concrete surface. Must be removed before next pour to ensure bond.

Lightweight Concrete

Concrete with density below 1900 kg/m³, made with lightweight aggregates (LECA, pumice) or foaming agents.

PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)

Concrete without reinforcement. Used for sub-base, blinding.

Mass concrete with large stones (>150 mm, plums) embedded — used in retaining walls, mass foundations to save cement.

Precast Concrete

Concrete elements cast off-site, then erected

Pumpable Concrete

Concrete designed for pumping — slump 100-150 mm, well-graded fines, no segregation. Up to 350 m vertical placement.

RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete)

Concrete with steel reinforcement. Per IS 456:2000.

Ready-Mix Concrete (RMC)

Factory-mixed concrete delivered fresh

Ready-Mix Concrete Grades

Plant-mixed concrete delivered fresh to site per IS 4926

Segregation of Concrete

Separation of coarse aggregate from cement paste due to over-vibration, drop height >1.5 m, or low cohesion.

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)

Highly fluid concrete that flows under its own weight, fills formwork, and consolidates without vibration.

Shotcrete (Sprayed Concrete)

Concrete sprayed pneumatically onto a surface — used for tunnel lining, slope stabilization, and structural repair.

Slump Test / Workability

25-150mm slump per application (IS 1199)

Tremie Concrete (Underwater)

Concrete placement under water using a tremie pipe

Tremie Method of Concreting

Underwater concreting through a vertical pipe (tremie) — used for piles, diaphragm walls, and bridge piers in water.

Water-Cement Ratio (w/c)

Mass of water to mass of cement. 0.40-0.55 typical.

Steel

27

Bar Bending Schedule (BBS)

Schedule listing bar shapes, sizes, lengths per IS 2502

Steel plate at the bottom of a column transferring axial load to concrete. Thickness governed by bending under bearing pressure.

Weld between two pieces in the same plane — V-groove, U-groove, or square. Used for full-strength connections.

Chequered / Floor Plate

Steel plate with raised pattern for floors, stair treads

Development Length / Anchorage

Length of bar embedment to develop full strength

Triangular cross-section weld joining two surfaces at right angles. Throat thickness = 0.7× leg size.

fy (Yield Strength of Steel)

415/500/550 N/mm² for Fe415/500/550

Galvanizing / Zinc Coating

Zinc coating on steel for corrosion protection per IS 2629

Plate at a steel truss/frame joint connecting multiple members. Designed for block shear, tension, and weld capacity.

Hollow Section (SHS / RHS / CHS)

SHS, RHS, CHS hollow steel sections for structural use

ISA (Indian Standard Angle)

L-shaped angle section

ISHB (Indian Standard H-Beam)

H-section used for columns

ISLB (Indian Standard Light Beam)

Indian Standard Light Weight Beam

ISMB (Indian Standard Medium Beam)

Indian Standard Medium Weight Beam — most common I-section

ISMC (Indian Standard Medium Channel)

Channel section per IS 808

ISWB (Indian Standard Wide Flange Beam)

Wide flange beam — better for bending

Length of overlap to transfer force between bars (40-60d typical)

Mechanical splice connecting two rebars without lap. Saves 50-70% steel where lap length would be excessive.

Rebar Weight Calculation

Weight = D²/162.2 kg/m where D is dia in mm

Shear Stud / Shear Connector

Welded stud transferring horizontal shear between steel beam and concrete slab in composite construction.

Steel Fabrication

Cutting, welding, and assembly of structural steel members

Steel Plate Weight

MS plates per IS 2062. Weight = L×B×t×7850 kg/m³

Plate welded to steel beam web preventing buckling. Required at supports and points of concentrated load.

Structural Steel Sections

ISMB/ISLB/ISWB/ISHB beams, ISMC channels, ISA angles per IS 808

TMT Steel Bar (Fe415/Fe500/Fe550)

Thermo Mechanically Treated bars per IS 1786. Fe500 most common.

Welding (Steel Joining)

Per IS 816 (manual) and IS 9595 (welding procedure)

Yield Strength (fy)

Stress at which steel begins permanent deformation. Common Indian rebar grades: Fe415, Fe500, Fe550, Fe550D.

Structural

29

Anchor Bolt / Foundation Bolt

Bolts cast into concrete foundation to anchor steel columns

Beam Design (RCC/Steel)

Flexure + shear design per IS 456 (RCC) or IS 800 (steel)

Buckling / Slenderness

Compression member instability under axial load

Beam fixed at one end and free at the other. Maximum moment at fixed end; deflection 4× simply-supported.

Column Design (RCC)

Axial + uniaxial/biaxial bending per IS 456

Beam where span/depth ratio is below 2.5 (simply supported) or 2.0 (continuous). Strut-and-tie design per IS 456 Cl. 29.

Reinforced concrete wall cast in panels under bentonite slurry — used for deep basements, metro stations.

Expansion Anchor / Chemical Anchor

Post-installed anchors in hardened concrete

Expansion Joint

Gaps to accommodate thermal/structural movement

Fire Resistance Rating

Time a member resists fire — 1, 2, 3, 4 hour ratings

Slab supported directly on columns

Footing / Foundation

Spread footing, combined, raft, pile per IS 456 + IS 1904

Beam at ground level on top of pile cap or column footing carrying superstructure dead load.

Beam at the edge of a slab — flange on one side only. Found at building perimeters.

Horizontal beam over a door/window opening transferring wall load above to side walls. Min bearing 150 mm each side.

Secondary moments due to axial load × lateral deflection

Beam at plinth level connecting columns and supporting wall above. Prevents differential settlement and ties columns.

Post-Tensioning (PT)

Steel tendons stressed AFTER concrete hardens via hydraulic jacks. Used for long-span slabs and bridges.

Post-Tensioning / PT

Concrete reinforced with high-tensile steel tendons under tension

Wall to retain earth pressure

RCC wall to resist lateral loads (wind/seismic)

Interlocking steel/concrete piles forming a continuous wall — used for retaining temporary excavations and waterfront.

Shoring / Underpinning

Temporary support during excavation or foundation work

Slab Design (RCC)

One-way (Lx/Ly>2) or two-way slab design per IS 456

Staircase Design

Staircase design per IS 456. Riser 150-180mm, tread 250-300mm.

Beam cast monolithically with slab — flange acts in compression. Most efficient where slab is on the compression side.

Beam connecting two foundations or columns to resist lateral movement. Common in pile caps and combined footings.

Steel truss for roofs/bridges per IS 800

Strengthening of an existing foundation by extending it deeper or wider — needed when settlement or load increase occurs.

Loads

14

Construction Load

Loads during construction — formwork, scaffolding, stockpiled materials, workers. IS 875 Cl. 3.1.4.

Permanent load due to self-weight of structure (IS 875 Part 1)

Service load multiplied by partial safety factor for ultimate limit state. 1.5(DL+LL), 1.2(DL+LL+EL), 1.5(DL+EL), etc.

Repeated load below yield that causes failure after many cycles. Critical for bridges, cranes, machinery foundations.

Suddenly applied or vibratory load — bridges, lift wells, machine foundations. IS 875-2 Cl. 4.6.

Live Load / Imposed Load

Variable load due to occupancy/use (IS 875 Part 2). 2-5 kN/m² typical.

Load Combinations

DL+LL, 1.5(DL+LL), DL+LL+WL etc per IS 456/IS 800

Load that traverses the structure — IRC vehicle classes for bridges (Class A, B, AA, 70R).

Point Load / Concentrated Load

Load applied at a single point (kN)

Seismic / Earthquake Load

Lateral force from earthquake (IS 1893). Zones II–V in India.

Snow accumulation load (IS 875 Part 4)

Stresses from temperature change. ΔT × α × E. Coefficient of thermal expansion: concrete 10×10⁻⁶/°C, steel 12×10⁻⁶/°C.

Uniform Distributed Load (UDL)

Load spread evenly across length or area (kN/m or kN/m²)

Lateral wind pressure on building (IS 875 Part 3). Basic wind speed 33-55 m/s in India.

Geotechnical

17

California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

Subgrade strength index for pavement design

Cohesion & Friction Angle

Mohr-Coulomb shear-strength parameters. Clay: cohesive (c). Sand: frictional (φ). C-φ soil has both.

Removing groundwater from excavations during construction

Dynamic Cone Penetration (DCP)

Quick field test for relative soil density — drop weight repeatedly, measure penetration per blow.

Factor of Safety (FoS)

Ratio of ultimate capacity to design load. Bearing: 2.5-3.0. Slope: 1.5. Pile: 2.5. Overturning: 2.0.

Geotextile / Geomembrane

Synthetic fabrics for drainage, filtration, soil reinforcement

Lateral Earth Pressure

Horizontal soil pressure on retaining structures. Active (Ka), at-rest (K0), passive (Kp). Computed by Rankine or Coulomb theory.

Pile Foundation

Deep foundation transferring load to firm strata via piles

Plate Load Test

Field test for safe bearing capacity using a steel plate (300/450/600/750 mm) loaded incrementally per IS 1888.

Retaining Wall Types

Walls retaining earth — gravity, cantilever, counterfort, diaphragm

Safe Bearing Capacity (SBC)

Max safe pressure soil can take. 100-500 kN/m² typical.

Vertical downward movement of a foundation under load. Total ≤25 mm for raft, ≤50 mm for footings (IS 1904).

Slope Stability

Analysis of factor of safety against landslide. Methods: Bishop's, Fellenius, Janbu. FoS ≥ 1.5 for permanent slopes.

Soil Classification

Per IS 1498 / Unified Soil Classification System

Soil Liquefaction

Loss of soil shear strength under cyclic loading (earthquake) — saturated loose sand behaves like liquid.

Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

Soil density test in borehole per IS 2131

Vane Shear Test

Test for undrained shear strength of soft cohesive soils — four-bladed vane rotated until soil shears.

Foundation

8

Bored Cast-in-situ Pile

Pile constructed by drilling a hole and filling with concrete + reinforcement. Diameter 300-2400 mm, depth up to 60 m.

Combined Footing

Single footing supporting two or more columns — used when columns are close (<2 m) or property line restricts.

Isolated Footing

Footing supporting a single column. Most common for low-rise buildings on soils with adequate bearing capacity.

Reinforced concrete cap connecting tops of piles to the column. Designed as a deep beam or strut-and-tie.

Raft Foundation

Single thick slab covering the entire building footprint — for soft soil, heavy loads, or when isolated footings overlap.

Stepped Footing

Footing with stepped/tapered profile — saves concrete on large footings while maintaining bearing pressure distribution.

Continuous footing under a load-bearing wall — width = wall thickness + 150 mm projection on each side.

Well Foundation

Hollow shaft sunk through soft soil to firm strata, filled with concrete — used for major bridge piers in rivers.

Design

15

Balanced Section

Section where concrete crushes (0.0035) and steel yields (fy) simultaneously. xu = xu,max per IS 456.

Cracked Section Analysis

Analysis ignoring concrete in tension below NA. Required for serviceability (deflection, crack width) per IS 456 Annex F.

Deflection Limits

Span/250 (final), span/350 (after partition). IS 456 Cl. 23.2 — use span/depth ratios for control.

Formwork / Shuttering

Stripping time: slab 7d, beam soffit 14d, column 16-24h

Limit State Design (LSD)

Modern design philosophy ensuring two limit states: ULS (collapse) and SLS (deflection, cracking). IS 456 Cl. 35.

Modulus of Elasticity (E)

Concrete: Ec = 5000√fck MPa. Steel: Es = 2×10⁵ MPa. Modular ratio m = Es/Ec.

Line of zero strain in a flexural member. Above it: compression. Below: tension.

Partial Safety Factor

Multiplier on loads (γf) and divisor on materials (γm). Concrete γm=1.5, Steel γm=1.15. Dead γf=1.5, Live γf=1.5.

Rebar Spacing (Min/Max)

Min spacing = bar dia or 25mm. Max = 3d or 300mm.

Reinforcement Limits (Min/Max %)

Min 0.12% slab, 0.85% beam tension; max 4% column per IS 456

Scaffolding & Safety

Scaffolding safety per IS 3696

Scaffolding Types

Temporary structures for working at height

Stirrups / Shear Reinforcement

Shear reinforcement in beams/columns

Structural Thumb Rules

Rules of thumb for slab/beam/column sizing

Working Stress Method (WSM)

Older method using permissible stresses well below yield. Now restricted to special structures (water tanks).

Seismic

10

Horizontal seismic force at the base of a structure. Vb = Ah × W, where Ah = (Z/2)(I/R)(Sa/g). IS 1893 Cl. 7.5.

Energy dissipation in structure. RCC: 5% (design). Steel: 2-3%. Higher damping → smaller seismic response.

Ductile Detailing (Seismic)

Special seismic detailing per IS 13920

Earthquake / Seismic Zones (II-V)

Zone II (least)-V (most) per IS 1893

Importance Factor (I)

Multiplier on seismic force based on building criticality. Hospitals: 1.5. Schools: 1.5. Residential: 1.0.

Response Reduction Factor (R)

Reduces elastic seismic forces to design forces accounting for ductility. SMRF: 5.0. OMRF: 3.0. Shear wall: 4.0.

Response Spectrum

Plot of peak structural response vs. natural period for an earthquake. IS 1893 Fig. 2 gives design spectra for 5% damping.

Soft Storey / Stilt Floor

Storey with stiffness <70% of the storey above — typical of stilt parking. IS 1893 Cl. 7.10 mandates 2.5× design force.

Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI)

Interaction between flexible soil and structure under earthquake. Considered for tall buildings on soft soils per IS 1893.

Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF)

Frame designed and detailed for high ductility per IS 13920. R = 5.0. Required in Zone IV/V for important buildings.

Materials

27

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete blocks — density 550-650 kg/m³, fire-resistant, light, used for non-load-bearing walls.

Aggregates (Fine & Coarse)

Coarse (10-40mm) and fine (sand) aggregates per IS 383

Bamboo Construction

Bamboo as a sustainable building material per IS 6874

Block Board / Particle Board

Engineered wood products for furniture and panels

Brick / Block Masonry

Bricks per IS 1077, blocks per IS 2185

Cement Types & Grades

OPC 33/43/53 PPC PSC SRC and rapid hardening cement varieties per IS standards

Fly Ash (Pulverized Fuel Ash)

Coal-combustion byproduct used as supplementary cementitious material in cement mortar and concrete. Covered by IS 3812 (Part 1 — pozzolana; Part 2 — admixture). Also used in PPC (IS 1489) and fly-ash bricks (IS 12894/IS 13757).

Fly Ash Brick / Block

Fly ash + lime + gypsum brick. Eco-friendly alternative to clay brick.

GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag)

Cementitious by-product of iron production. Replaces 25-70% of OPC for sulphate resistance and lower hydration heat.

Hard igneous stone — compressive strength 100-250 MPa. Used for flooring, kitchen tops, bridge cladding.

Fine-grained limestone from Kota, Rajasthan — popular flooring stone. Density 2400 kg/m³, low water absorption.

Metamorphic limestone — softer than granite (60-100 MPa). Acid-sensitive — avoid for kitchens and outdoor.

Marine Plywood (BWP)

Boiling water proof plywood for marine and exterior use per IS 710

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

33/43/53 grade Portland cement. 53 most common for structural use.

Paint & Coatings

Wall paint, primer, putty, coatings

Precast concrete blocks for paving — M30 to M40, thickness 60-100 mm depending on traffic load.

Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)

Cement blended with fly ash. More durable than OPC.

Portland Slag Cement (PSC)

Cement blended with blast furnace slag

Rapid Hardening Cement

High early strength cement per IS 8041

Sand (River / M-Sand)

Fine aggregate. River sand or manufactured sand.

Sandwich Panel / EPS Panel

Insulated composite panels for walls and roofs

Silica Fume / Microsilica

Ultra-fine silica by-product, replaces 5-10% cement. Drastically reduces permeability — used in HSC, marine concrete.

Sulphate Resistant Cement (SRC)

Cement for sulphate-rich soils per IS 12330

Tile (Floor / Wall / Roof)

Floor/wall/roof tiles per various IS codes

Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride frames — corrosion-free, thermal-insulating, replacing aluminum in residential.

White Portland Cement

White cement for decorative work, terrazzo, white concrete per IS 8042

Wood Plastic Composite — termite-proof, water-resistant board for cabinets and outdoor cladding.

QA / QC

11

As-Built Drawing

Final drawing reflecting actual constructed condition — handed to the client at project closeout.

Field Quality Plan (FQP)

Project-specific QC document covering all activities — test methods, acceptance criteria, sampling rate.

Mandatory inspection checkpoint that must be cleared before work proceeds — unlike a witness point.

Inspection Test Plan (ITP)

Document listing every inspection/test checkpoint for an activity with frequency, criteria, and responsible party.

Method Statement

Step-by-step procedure for a construction activity — safety, equipment, sequence, QC checkpoints.

Non-Conformance Report (NCR)

Report for work not meeting specification

Non-Conformance Report (NCR)

Document raised when work fails to meet specifications. Includes root cause, corrective action, preventive action.

Punch List / Snag List

List of incomplete/defective items at substantial completion that must be rectified before final handover.

QA/QC Inspection

Quality assurance and control checklists/templates

Rebound Hammer Test

Non-destructive test for in-situ concrete strength — surface hardness measured via spring-loaded hammer.

Inspection point where the QC engineer is notified but work can proceed if QC is unavailable.

Estimation

8

Abstract Estimate

Cost estimate at concept stage based on plinth area or per-bed/per-room rates. ±20% accuracy.

Bill of Quantities (BOQ)

Itemised list of work activities with quantities and unit rates — forms the priced contract document.

Construction Cost Estimation

Per sqft cost ₹1500-3500 in India

Provision for unforeseen costs. CPWD: 3%. Private: 5-10%. Higher for renovation than new build.

Detailed Estimate

Quantity-based estimate from drawings. Each work item × unit rate × quantity = cost. ±5% accuracy.

Material Wastage Factors

Cement 2-3%, steel 3-5%, tiles 5-10% typical

Quantity Estimation

Estimate cement, steel, sand, aggregate for given area

Computation of unit rate from material + labour + plant + overhead + profit. Reference: DSR, state SOR, in-house DB.

Services

13

Acoustic / Sound Insulation

Sound transmission control via materials/design

Drainage & Sewerage

Building drainage and sewerage systems

Pipe gradient ensuring self-cleansing velocity (>0.6 m/s). 100 mm pipe: 1:60. 150 mm: 1:80. 200 mm: 1:100.

Electrical Installation

Electrical wiring per IS 732, earthing per IS 3043

Fire safety per NBC Part 4 and IS codes

HVAC & Air Conditioning

Heating, ventilation, air conditioning

Vertical access shaft to sewer/drainage line. Spacing 30 m on straight runs, at every junction or bend.

Overhead Water Tank (OHT)

Water tank on a staging at sufficient height to provide gravity pressure. Capacity per CPHEEO norms (135-200 LPCD).

Plumbing & Water Supply

Water supply and plumbing per IS codes

Rainwater Harvesting

Collecting and storing/recharging rainwater. Mandatory in most Indian states for plots above specified area.

Underground anaerobic chamber for primary sewage treatment. Sized at 0.085 m³/person. IS 2470.

Thermal Insulation

Materials and techniques to reduce heat transfer

Underground Water Sump (UGT)

Below-ground concrete tank receiving water from supply main, pumped to OHT. Typical sizes 5,000-50,000 L.

Finishing

6

Suspended secondary ceiling for aesthetics, services concealment

Flooring & Tiling

Floor finishing — tiles, IPS, marble, granite

Grit Blasting / Surface Preparation

Surface preparation before painting/coating per IS 9012 / SSPC SP-10

Painting & Coatings

Wall and ceiling painting

Damp proof course, membrane, coatings

Waterproofing Systems

Methods to prevent water ingress in roofs, basements, water tanks

Code reference

14

IRC (Indian Roads Congress)

Codes for roads, bridges, highways

IRC 37 — Flexible Pavement Design

Flexible pavement design guidelines

IRC 58 — Rigid Pavement

Plain jointed rigid pavement design

IRC 6 — Bridge Loads

Loads and load combinations for road bridges

IS 10262 — Concrete Mix Design

Concrete mix proportioning guidelines

IS 1786 — TMT Steel Bars

High Strength Deformed (HSD) Steel Bars specification

IS 1893 — Earthquake Resistant Design

Earthquake resistant design code

IS 1904 — Foundation Design

Code of practice for foundation design

IS 2062 — Structural Steel

Hot rolled medium and high tensile structural steel

IS 2502 — Bar Bending

Bending and fixing of bars for concrete reinforcement

IS 456 — Plain & Reinforced Concrete

Master code for concrete design in India

IS 516 — Concrete Testing

Methods of test for strength of concrete

IS 800 — Steel Structural Design

Master code for steel structural design

IS 875 — Design Loads

Design loads code: Part 1 dead, Part 2 live, Part 3 wind, Part 4 snow, Part 5 special

BIM

14

BEP & EIR — BIM Execution Plan / Exchange Information Requirements

EIR = client requirements (in tender). BEP = how the contractor will deliver them. MIDP/TIDP = the schedule.

BIM Roles — Manager, Coordinator, Modeller

BIM Manager (firm), Project BIM Manager (one project), Information Manager (enforces ISO 19650), BIM Coordinator (clash), Modeller (authoring).

Building Information Modelling (BIM)

ISO 19650 information management with BIM. India has no published IS BIM standard — projects reference ISO directly.

Clash Detection

Automated process of finding spatial conflicts between BIM models. Hard clash (overlap), soft clash (clearance), 4D clash.

COBie (Construction-Operations Building information exchange)

Open spreadsheet format for handing operational data (assets, spaces, warranty) from construction to FM.

Common Data Environment (CDE)

Single trusted location for all project information. Mandatory under ISO 19650 with WIP→Shared→Published→Archived states.

Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)

Open ISO standard file format for BIM exchange. IFC 4.3 ADD2 supports buildings + infrastructure.

ISO 19650 Series

5-part international standard for BIM information management. Parts 1-5: concepts, delivery, operations, exchange, security.

Level of Development (LOD) / LOIN

AIA LOD 100-500 vs BIMForum LOD Spec vs ISO 7817-1 LOIN. Defines geometric/info detail per object per milestone.

BS EN ISO 7817-1

LOD 200 (Schematic Design)

Generic systems, approximate quantities, size, shape, location, orientation. Suitable for schematic stage.

LOD 300 (Detailed Design)

Specific, accurate location, size, shape, quantity, orientation. Suitable for design development and tender.

LOD 400 (Fabrication / Construction)

Element accurate for fabrication, assembly, detailing. Includes connection details, manufacturer data.

LOD 500 (As-Built / FM)

Field-verified element representation suitable for facilities management. Linked to operational data.

Uniclass / OmniClass / Classification

Uniclass 2015 (UK) is the most-used BIM classification on Indian projects. India has no published classification.