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IS 4031:1988 Part 9 is the Indian Standard (BIS) for methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement - part 9: determination of drying shrinkage. This part of IS 4031 specifies the standard testing procedure for determining the drying shrinkage of hydraulic cement using 25x25x250 mm mortar prisms. It outlines the preparation, curing conditions, and exact methods for measuring length changes using a comparator.
Describes the procedure for determining the drying shrinkage of hydraulic cement mortar.
Standard Test Methods for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle
Specifies the Vicat needle apparatus and method for determining the initial and final setting times of hydraulic cement.
EN 196-3:2016CEN (European Committee for Standardization)
HighCurrent
Methods of testing cement - Part 3: Determination of setting times and soundness
Covers the determination of standard consistency, setting time, and soundness of cement using the Vicat method.
ISO 9597:2008ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
HighCurrent
Cement — Test methods — Determination of setting time and soundness
Defines the reference procedure for determining setting time and soundness of cement, based on the Vicat apparatus.
AASHTO T 131-19AASHTO (US)
HighCurrent
Standard Method of Test for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle
Nearly identical to ASTM C191, provides the method for determining cement setting time for transportation infrastructure.
Key Differences
≠The initial setting time is considered reached when the needle penetrates to a specific depth. In IS 4031, this depth is measured from the bottom of the mould (5.0 ± 0.5 mm from the bottom), whereas in ASTM C191, it is measured from the top surface of the paste (a penetration of 25 ± 0.5 mm).
≠The needle used for determining initial setting time has a different cross-section. IS 4031 specifies a needle with a 1 mm square cross-section, while ASTM C191 specifies a needle with a 1.00 ± 0.05 mm circular diameter.
≠The standard test temperature differs significantly. IS 4031 mandates a test temperature of 27 ± 2 °C, which reflects a tropical climate, while ASTM C191 requires 23.0 ± 2.0 °C and EN 196-3 requires 20 ± 2 °C.
≠The criterion for determining normal consistency, which dictates the water-cement ratio for the test, is different. IS 4031 requires the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the mould. ASTM C187 (referenced by C191) requires a penetration of 10 ± 1 mm from the original surface.
Key Similarities
≈Both standards employ the same fundamental principle and apparatus (the Vicat apparatus) to assess the stiffening of cement paste by measuring its resistance to penetration by a needle over time.
≈The starting point for measuring setting time is identical; in both IS 4031 and its international equivalents, the time count begins from the moment water is first added to the dry cement.
≈Both methods require the use of a neat cement paste prepared with a specific amount of water, determined by achieving a 'standard' or 'normal' consistency in a preliminary test.
≈The Vicat mould used to hold the cement paste has very similar dimensions in all standards, typically being 40 mm in height and tapering from a larger diameter at the bottom to a smaller one at the top.
≈The definition of final set, while worded differently, is conceptually the same: it is the point at which the paste has hardened sufficiently that the needle makes only a slight impression on the surface without penetrating significantly.
Parameter Comparison
Parameter
IS Value
International
Source
Test Temperature
27 ± 2 °C
23.0 ± 2.0 °C
ASTM C191-21
Test Humidity (for specimens)
≥ 90% RH
≥ 95% RH
ASTM C191-21
Initial Set Needle Cross-Section
1 mm square
1 mm diameter (circular)
ASTM C191-21
Criterion for Initial Setting Time
Penetration to 5.0 ± 0.5 mm from mould bottom
Penetration to 25 ± 0.5 mm from surface
ASTM C191-21
Criterion for Final Setting Time
Needle makes an impression, but annular attachment does not
Needle does not sink visibly into the paste
ASTM C191-21
Mass of Cement for Test Paste
400 g
650 g
ASTM C191-21
Mould Height
40 ± 0.2 mm
40 ± 1 mm
ASTM C191-21
⚠ Verify details from original standards before use
Key Values6
Quick Reference Values
Test specimen dimensions25 x 25 x 250 mm
Effective gauge length250 mm
Room temperature27 ± 2°C
Relative humidity of testing room65 ± 5%
Minimum relative humidity for initial curing90%
Number of specimens required3
Key Formulas
Drying Shrinkage (%) = [(L1 - L2) / G] × 100 — where L1 is initial length, L2 is final length, G is effective gauge length (250 mm)