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IS 3495 Part 3 : 1992Methods of Tests of Burnt Clay Building Bricks: Part 3 Determination of efflorescence

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ASTM C67 / C67M-23a · EN 772-1 · AS/NZS 4456.4
CurrentFrequently UsedTesting MethodMaterials Science · Masonry and Bricks
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OverviewValues7InternationalTablesFAQ4RelatedQA/QCNew

IS 3495:1992 Part 3 is the Indian Standard (BIS) for methods of tests of burnt clay building bricks: part 3 determination of efflorescence. This standard specifies the laboratory test method to determine the efflorescence in burnt clay building bricks by evaluating the surface deposition of soluble salts after cycles of distilled water absorption and evaporation.

Specifies the procedure for determining the efflorescence of burnt clay building bricks.

Overview

Status
Current
Usage level
Frequently Used
Domain
Materials Science — Masonry and Bricks
Type
Testing Method
International equivalents
ASTM C67 / C67M-23a · ASTM International (US)EN 772-1:2011+A1:2015 · CEN (European Committee for Standardization)AS/NZS 4456.4:2003 (R2018) · Standards Australia / Standards New Zealand (AU/NZ)
Typically used with
IS 1077
Also on InfraLens for IS 3495
7Key values3QA/QC templates4FAQs
Practical Notes
! Strictly use distilled water; using tap water introduces external salts leading to false positive efflorescence results.
! Ensure the test is conducted in a well-ventilated room to facilitate proper natural evaporation.
! The crucial distinction between 'Heavy' and 'Serious' efflorescence relies on whether structural degradation (flaking or powdering of the brick) occurs.
Frequently referenced clauses
Cl. 2ApparatusCl. 4ProcedureCl. 5Report and Classification of Efflorescence
Pulled from IS 3495:1992. Browse the full clause & table index below in Tables & Referenced Sections.
burnt clay bricksmasonrydistilled water

International Equivalents

Similar International Standards
ASTM C67 / C67M-23aASTM International (US)
HighCurrent
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile
Specifies procedures for sampling and testing clay bricks for various properties, including compressive strength.
EN 772-1:2011+A1:2015CEN (European Committee for Standardization)
HighCurrent
Methods of test for masonry units - Part 1: Determination of compressive strength
Defines the method for determining the compressive strength of various masonry units, including clay bricks.
AS/NZS 4456.4:2003 (R2018)Standards Australia / Standards New Zealand (AU/NZ)
HighCurrent
Masonry units and segmental pavers and flags — Methods of test — Method 4: Determining the compressive strength of masonry units
Provides the method for determining the compressive strength of masonry units used in Australia and New Zealand.
BS 3921:1985BSI (UK)
MediumWithdrawn
Specification for clay bricks
Previously specified requirements and test methods for clay bricks in the UK, including compressive strength.
Key Differences
≠IS 3495 uniquely requires placing the brick specimen between two 3mm thick, 3-ply plywood sheets during testing. International standards like ASTM C67 and EN 772-1 mandate direct contact between the prepared specimen and the steel platens of the compression machine.
≠The specimen surface preparation in IS 3495 involves filling the frog with a 1:3 cement-sand mortar and a multi-day curing process (1 day damp, 3 days in water). ASTM C67 primarily uses fast-setting gypsum or sulfur-based capping compounds, while EN 772-1 allows for grinding or specialized mortar capping, both with much shorter preparation times.
≠IS 3495 specifies a fixed stress-based loading rate of 14 N/mm² per minute. In contrast, ASTM C67 uses a performance-based rate intended to cause failure within 1 to 2 minutes, and EN 772-1 specifies a stress rate that varies based on the expected strength of the unit (e.g., 15 ± 6 N/mm²/min for lower strength bricks).
≠IS 3495 mandates testing in a saturated condition (24-hour immersion) and a specific mortar capping cured under water. While ASTM C67 has a saturated test as its referee method, it also permits dry testing. EN 772-1 is more flexible, allowing testing in air-dried, oven-dried, or saturated conditions, provided the state is reported.
Key Similarities
≈The fundamental objective across all standards is to determine the ultimate uniaxial compressive strength of a single brick unit by applying a gradually increasing load until failure.
≈All standards specify that the compressive load must be applied perpendicular to the bed faces of the brick, simulating its orientation and loading condition in a typical masonry structure.
≈The final compressive strength value is universally calculated by dividing the maximum load sustained by the specimen at failure by the gross cross-sectional area of its loaded face.
≈All mentioned standards require the use of a properly calibrated compression testing machine that includes a spherical-seated upper bearing block to ensure uniform load distribution and accommodate minor non-parallelism of the specimen faces.
Parameter Comparison
ParameterIS ValueInternationalSource
Sample Size for Test5 bricks5 bricks (for compression)ASTM C67 / C67M
Specimen ConditioningMandatory 24-hour water immersion24-hour water immersion (for wet test) or tested as-received/dryASTM C67 / C67M
Surface Capping Material1:3 Cement-sand mortarHigh-strength gypsum plaster or sulfur compoundsASTM C67 / C67M
Capping Curing Period4 days (1 day damp + 3 days water immersion)Approx. 1-2 hours for gypsum; 2 hours for sulfurASTM C67 / C67M
Interface with Machine Platens3 mm thick 3-ply plywood sheetsDirect contact between capped specimen and steel platensASTM C67 / C67M
Loading Rate14 N/mm²/minAdjusted to produce failure in 1 to 2 minutesASTM C67 / C67M
Loading Rate (Alternative)14 N/mm²/min0.25 ± 0.1 (N/mm²)/s (15 ± 6 N/mm²/min) for expected strength <50 MPaEN 772-1
Area for CalculationAverage area of the upper and lower bed facesGross area of the bearing surfaceASTM C67 / C67M
⚠ Verify details from original standards before use

Key Values7

Quick Reference Values
depth of water in dish25 mm
room temperature for test20 to 30°C
nil efflorescence0% (No perceptible deposit)
slight efflorescenceNot more than 10% of exposed area
moderate efflorescence10% to 50% of exposed area (no flaking)
heavy efflorescenceMore than 50% of exposed area (no flaking)
serious efflorescenceHeavy deposits accompanied by powdering/flaking

Tables & Referenced Sections

Key Tables
No tables data
Key Clauses
Clause 2 - Apparatus
Clause 4 - Procedure
Clause 5 - Report and Classification of Efflorescence

Related Resources on InfraLens

Cross-Referenced Codes
IS 1077:1992Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks - Specifica...
→

Frequently Asked Questions4

How much water should be placed in the dish initially?+
Distilled water to a depth of 25 mm (Clause 4.1).
How many evaporation cycles are required?+
Two cycles. After the first complete evaporation, a similar quantity of water is added and allowed to evaporate again (Clause 4.1).
What constitutes 'Moderate' efflorescence?+
Salt deposits covering between 10% and 50% of the exposed area without any powdering or flaking of the surface (Clause 5.1.3).
What is the acceptable limit of efflorescence for common bricks as per IS 1077?+
Usually 'Moderate' up to class 12.5, and 'Slight' for higher classes, but one must refer to IS 1077 for exact compliance.

QA/QC Inspection Templates

Code-Specific Templates for IS 3495
✅
Brick/Block Receiving Inspection Checklist
checklist
Excel / PDF
📊
Brick Compressive Strength Test Report
test-report
Excel / PDF
📊
Brick Water Absorption Test Report
test-report
Excel / PDF