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IRC SP 79 : 2008

Tentative Specifications for Stone Matrix Asphalt

International Comparison — Coming Soon
CurrentSpecializedSpecificationTransportation · Roads and Pavement
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Summary

SMA is a premium wearing course mix — gap-graded with stone-on-stone contact for rutting resistance and high binder content for durability. Used on expressways and heavy traffic NH as the top wearing course. Costs 30-40% more than BC but lasts 2-3× longer.

Specifications for Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) — a premium bituminous wearing course for heavy traffic highways and expressways.

Key Values
Aggregate100% crushed, gap-graded
Binder content6.0-7.0% (vs 5.0-5.5% for BC)
Fibre0.3% cellulose or mineral fibre
Practical Notes
! NOTE: IRC SP 79:2008 — revised directly to 2023, no 2019 edition
! SMA requires fibre stabilizer — without it, the high binder content drains down during transport.
! Gap-graded means more coarse aggregate, less fine — creates stone-on-stone contact for excellent rutting resistance.
! SMA is specified for all new expressways and heavy traffic NH corridors in India.
! Ensure rigorous quality control on aggregate gradation, especially for the 2.36 mm sieve, as it significantly impacts SMA's drainage and stability.
! The higher binder content requires careful temperature control during mixing and compaction to avoid binder drainage.
! Fibers are crucial for preventing binder drain-down during mixing and transport. Ensure uniform dispersion.
! SMA's high stiffness and low air voids demand specialized compaction techniques. Avoid over-compaction.
! The drainage characteristic of SMA is a key advantage, but it necessitates proper design of sub-base and base layers to manage the infiltrated water effectively.
! Use a superpave or modified binder if the design traffic and climatic conditions warrant enhanced performance beyond conventional bitumen.
! Adequate mineral filler is essential for creating a stable mastic that binds the coarse aggregate skeleton.
! The 'stone-on-stone' contact is the fundamental principle of SMA; any deviation can compromise its performance. Visually inspect the mix for this.
! Site personnel must be well-trained on the specific handling and placement requirements of SMA, as it differs from conventional mixes.
! During compaction, monitor mat temperature closely. If it drops too low, it can lead to poor interlock and density.
! Consider the source and quality of cellulose fibers; they must be properly treated to prevent moisture absorption.
! The selection of aggregates with high PSV is paramount for skid resistance, especially on high-speed corridors like expressways managed by NHAI.
! For PMGSY roads where this premium mix might be considered for critical sections, ensure the contractor has proven experience with SMA.
! The design mix needs to be validated with actual site materials to ensure it meets the desired performance criteria before full-scale production.
! Regularly check the calibration of asphalt mixing plants to ensure accurate binder and fiber addition, critical for SMA's success.
Cross-Referenced Codes
IRC 37:2018Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavemen...
→
IS 73:2013Paving Bitumen - Specification
→
IS 15462:2019Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) - Specificatio...
→
SMAstone matrix asphaltwearing coursepremium mixheavy trafficIRC SP
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Quick Reference Values
Aggregate100% crushed, gap-graded
Binder content6.0-7.0% (vs 5.0-5.5% for BC)
Fibre0.3% cellulose or mineral fibre
Air voids3-4%
Layer thickness40-50mm
Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size (NMAS) - Wearing Course13.2 mm
Binder Content (Asphalt Content) - Wearing Course6.0% - 7.5% by weight of mix
Filler Content (Mineral Filler) - Wearing CourseMinimum 2.0% by weight of aggregate
Crushed Stone Content - Wearing CourseMinimum 80% by weight of coarse aggregate
Polished Stone Value (PSV) - Coarse AggregateMinimum 55
Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) - Coarse AggregateMaximum 25%
Aggregate Abrasion Value (AAV) - Coarse AggregateMaximum 30%
Flakiness Index - Coarse AggregateMaximum 20%
Elongation Index - Coarse AggregateMaximum 25%
Stripping Value (Water Immersion Test) - Aggregate-BinderMinimum 90% retained coating
Air Voids (VIM) - Design Mix3.0% - 4.0%
Veneer Stability Index (VSI) - Mix DesignMinimum 0.75
Drainage Characteristics (Water Permeability) - PavementHigher permeability than conventional asphalt
Compaction Temperature - SMA150°C - 170°C (depending on binder type)
Coating Thickness of BinderMinimum 75% of aggregate surface
Sand Equivalent Value (SEV) - Fine AggregateMinimum 75%
Flash Point of BinderMinimum 230°C
Softening Point of BinderMinimum 46°C (for 60/70 penetration grade bitumen)
Penetration Grade Bitumen (if used)40/50 or 60/70
Fibers - Cellulose/Lignin0.3% - 0.5% by weight of mix
Key Formulas
Veneer Stability Index (VSI) = (Weight of retained aggregate on 2.36 mm sieve) / (Total weight of aggregate)
Void in Mineral Aggregate (VMA) = Vv + Vfa (where Vv is void in bitumen and Vfa is void filled with asphalt)
Binder Content (%) = (Binder weight / Mix weight) * 100
Equivalent Sand Value (ESV) = 100 * (Volume of sand displaced / Volume of soil sample)
Key Tables
Table 1 — SMA gradation bands
Table 2 — Mix design requirements
Table 1 — Grading of Aggregate for SMA Wearing Course
Table 2 — Properties of Coarse Aggregate
Table 3 — Properties of Fine Aggregate
Table 4 — Properties of Mineral Filler
Table 5 — Binder Content Range for SMA Wearing Course
Table 6 — Required Properties of SMA Mix
Table 7 — Fibre Content
Key Clauses
Cl. 3 — SMA gradation (gap-graded)
Cl. 4 — Binder content (6.0-7.0%)
Cl. 5 — Fibre stabilizer (cellulose or mineral)
Cl. 6 — Mix design (Marshall or Superpave)
Cl. 7 — Construction temperature and compaction
Cl. 3.0 — Materials
Cl. 4.0 — Mix Design
Cl. 5.0 — Properties of SMA Mix
Cl. 6.0 — Equipment
Cl. 7.0 — Construction
Cl. 8.0 — Quality Control and Acceptance
Cl. 9.0 — Surface Characteristics
Cl. 10.0 — Drainage Characteristics
SMA vs BC (Bituminous Concrete)?+
SMA: gap-graded, higher binder (6-7%), fibre added, better rutting resistance, costlier. BC: dense-graded, standard binder (5-5.5%), no fibre, adequate for moderate traffic. SMA for expressways/heavy traffic; BC for other roads.
What is the primary advantage of using Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) according to IRC SP 79:2008?+
The primary advantage of SMA is its superior resistance to rutting and fatigue under heavy traffic loads, making it ideal for high-stress applications like highways and expressways. Its unique structure, with a stone-on-stone skeleton, also provides excellent durability and improved skid resistance due to the exposed aggregate texture.
Why is fiber addition important in SMA mixes, and what types are recommended by the IRC code?+
Fiber addition, typically cellulose or lignin, is crucial to prevent the high binder content in SMA from draining down during mixing and transport. This ensures uniform binder distribution throughout the mix. The code specifies a range of 0.3% to 0.5% by weight of mix for these fibers.
How does the mix design for SMA differ from conventional bituminous mixes?+
SMA mix design focuses on creating a stable skeleton of coarse aggregates with minimal voids, which is then filled with a rich mastic of binder, filler, and fibers. This contrasts with conventional mixes where fine aggregates play a larger role in creating the structure. SMA prioritizes higher binder content and specific aggregate gradations for enhanced performance.
What are the typical compaction temperatures recommended for SMA, and why is temperature control so critical?+
SMA is typically compacted between 150°C and 170°C, depending on the binder type. Precise temperature control is critical because the high binder content makes the mix susceptible to binder drainage if overheated. Conversely, if the mat cools too much before compaction, achieving the required density and interlock becomes difficult.
What is the role of mineral filler in SMA, and what are the requirements as per IRC SP 79:2008?+
Mineral filler acts as a stiffening agent for the binder, forming a stable mastic that binds the coarse aggregate skeleton. It contributes significantly to the overall stability and durability of the SMA mix. The code requires a minimum filler content of 2.0% by weight of aggregate, with specific properties defined for the filler.
What is the Veneer Stability Index (VSI), and why is it important for SMA mix design?+
The Veneer Stability Index (VSI) is a measure of the coarse aggregate skeleton's stability, specifically the amount of aggregate retained on the 2.36 mm sieve. A minimum VSI of 0.75 is required, indicating that the majority of the aggregate forms a robust, interlocking structure that provides the primary load-bearing capacity.
Does IRC SP 79:2008 provide specific guidelines for binder selection for SMA?+
Yes, the code suggests using binders with higher viscosity and improved performance characteristics, such as modified binders or penetration grades like 40/50 or 60/70 bitumen. The choice depends on traffic volume, axle loads, and climatic conditions. The binder's softening point and flash point are also critical parameters.
What are the recommended tests for quality control of SMA mixes on-site?+
Key on-site quality control tests include checking the mix temperature, binder and fiber content, aggregate gradation, air voids (VIM), and performing the water immersion test for stripping. Visual inspection for stone-on-stone contact and adequate mastic coverage is also vital.
How does the drainage characteristic of SMA benefit pavement performance, and what precautions are needed?+
SMA's open-graded structure allows water to drain through, reducing the risk of hydroplaning and preventing water from entering the pavement layers, thus mitigating stripping and frost damage. However, this requires proper design of underlying layers to effectively manage the drained water and prevent saturation of the base and sub-base.
What is the role of the nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) in SMA, and what is the typical value specified?+
The NMAS dictates the overall structure and interlocking of the aggregate skeleton. For SMA wearing courses, IRC SP 79:2008 specifies a nominal maximum aggregate size of 13.2 mm. This size is chosen to optimize stone-on-stone contact and create the desired void structure for drainage and stability.
What are the requirements for aggregate properties for SMA, especially concerning polished stone value (PSV) and impact value?+
Aggregates for SMA must possess high resistance to polishing and crushing. The code mandates a minimum Polished Stone Value (PSV) of 55 for coarse aggregates to ensure adequate skid resistance. Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) should not exceed 25%, and Aggregate Abrasion Value (AAV) should be a maximum of 30% to ensure durability.
Are there specific requirements for the construction equipment used for SMA?+
Yes, the code specifies requirements for mixing plants to ensure accurate proportioning and mixing of materials, particularly the high binder and fiber content. It also emphasizes the need for well-maintained paver-finishers with adequate screed heating and compaction equipment like vibratory rollers, capable of achieving the required density at the specified temperatures.