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IS 16448 : 2016Cyclone Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings Using Pre-Engineered Steel Structures - Guidelines

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ASCE 7 · 2021 MBMA Building Systems Manual · AS/NZS 1170.2
CurrentSpecializedGuidelinesBIMStructural Engineering · Disaster Resilience and Retrofitting
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OverviewValues7InternationalTablesFAQ4Related

IS 16448:2016 is the Indian Standard (BIS) for cyclone resistant design and construction of buildings using pre-engineered steel structures - guidelines. This standard provides guidelines for the cyclone-resistant design and construction of Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings (PEBs). It supplements IS 875 (Part 3) by introducing a cyclonic importance factor (k4) and provides specific local pressure coefficients and detailing practices for PEB components like frames, cladding, and their connections to ensure safety in cyclone-prone areas.

Provides guidelines for the cyclone resistant design and construction of buildings utilizing pre-engineered steel structures.

Overview

Status
Current
Usage level
Specialized
Domain
Structural Engineering — Disaster Resilience and Retrofitting
Type
Guidelines
International equivalents
ASCE 7-22 · American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), USA2021 MBMA Building Systems Manual · Metal Building Manufacturers Association (MBMA), USAAS/NZS 1170.2:2021 · Standards Australia / Standards New ZealandEN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 · European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Europe
Typically used with
IS 800IS 801IS 2062IS 1367
Also on InfraLens for IS 16448
7Key values4Tables4FAQs

BIM-relevant code. See the BIM Hub for ISO 19650, IFC, and LOD/LOIN frameworks used alongside it.

Practical Notes
! The introduction of the cyclonic importance factor 'k4' is a key requirement of this code and significantly increases the design wind speed compared to a standard IS 875 (Part 3) analysis.
! Failures in PEBs during cyclones are often initiated at the cladding level. Meticulous design and specification of cladding fasteners as per Clause 7 are critical.
! Pay close attention to the local pressure coefficients for edges and corners (Table 3 & 4), which are much higher than general surface pressures and govern the design of fasteners and local framing in those zones.
Frequently referenced clauses
Cl. 5Wind LoadsCl. 6Design of SuperstructureCl. 7Design of Cladding and FastenersCl. 8Design of FoundationsCl. 9Detailing and Construction Practices
Pulled from IS 16448:2016. Browse the full clause & table index below in Tables & Referenced Sections.
steelpre-engineered buildingscladding

International Equivalents

Similar International Standards
ASCE 7-22American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), USA
HighCurrent
Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
Provides the fundamental wind load calculation methodology, which IS 16448 adapts and references via IS 875.
2021 MBMA Building Systems ManualMetal Building Manufacturers Association (MBMA), USA
HighCurrent
Metal Building Systems Manual
The primary North American standard specifically for the design and construction of pre-engineered metal buildings.
AS/NZS 1170.2:2021Standards Australia / Standards New Zealand
MediumCurrent
Structural design actions, Part 2: Wind actions
A comprehensive standard for wind actions, with detailed provisions for cyclonic regions similar to India's.
EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Europe
MediumCurrent
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions
Defines the principles and methods for calculating wind loads for structural design across Europe.
Key Differences
≠IS 16448 is a guideline document that relies heavily on IS 875 (Part 3) for core wind parameters. In contrast, ASCE 7 is a comprehensive, self-contained standard for all design loads, including wind.
≠The classification for internal pressure coefficients (Cpi) in IS 875 (referenced by IS 16448) is based on percentage of wall opening area. ASCE 7 uses a more stringent definition for 'partially enclosed' buildings based on a ratio of opening areas on different walls, which can lead to significantly higher Cpi values.
≠IS 16448 specifies three Cyclone Importance Factors (k4). ASCE 7-22 uses four Risk Categories, which determine the applicable Mean Recurrence Interval (MRI) and corresponding wind speed map, a more direct probabilistic approach.
≠The Topography Factor (k3) in the Indian standard is a simplified multiplier based on slope. ASCE 7's Topographic Factor (Kzt) involves a more complex calculation considering hill shape, height, and the structure's location on the feature.
≠IS 16448 provides prescriptive guidelines for PEB components, such as minimum thicknesses for purlins and girts. The MBMA Manual, while providing guidance, is more integrated with the performance-based approaches of ASCE 7 and AISC design specifications.
Key Similarities
≈The fundamental formula for calculating wind pressure is conceptually identical: converting a basic wind speed into a velocity pressure using factors for height, terrain, and topography, then applying pressure coefficients.
≈All standards recognize the need for a Gust Effect Factor (or dynamic response factor) to account for the dynamic amplification of wind loads on flexible structures like PEBs.
≈All codes identify zones of high localized suction pressures at building corners, eaves, and ridges, requiring higher design forces for cladding and fasteners in these areas.
≈The concept of combining external and internal pressures is a fundamental similarity. All standards require designers to consider the worst-case combinations of positive and negative pressures acting on surfaces.
Parameter Comparison
ParameterIS ValueInternationalSource
Basic Wind Speed Definition3-second gust speed at 10m height in open terrain (Category 2) for a 50-year return period.3-second gust speed at 10m height in Exposure Category C, with return periods (300-3000 years) based on Risk Category.ASCE 7-22
Importance Factor (for Cyclone)A factor 'k4' is applied: 1.30 (special), 1.15 (industrial), or 1.0 (other).No direct factor. Wind speed maps are provided for different Risk Categories, effectively embedding the importance.ASCE 7-22
Terrain/Exposure CategoriesFour Terrain Categories (1-4) from IS 875 Part 3.Three primary Exposure Categories (B, C, D).ASCE 7-22
Internal Pressure Coefficient (Cpi) for Openings±0.5 for medium permeability (5-20% openings); ±0.7 for large permeability (>20% openings).±0.55 for 'partially enclosed' buildings (definition based on a specific opening area ratio).ASCE 7-22
Purlin Deflection Limit (under service load)Span/150 for steel sheeting.L/150 (common practice, not a strict code mandate for metal roofs).2021 MBMA Building Systems Manual
Wall Girt Deflection Limit (under service load)Span/150 for steel sheeting.L/120 (common practice).2021 MBMA Building Systems Manual
Minimum Collateral Load0.20 kN/m² (Clause 5.4.1)Typically 5 psf (0.24 kN/m²), but specified by designer, not mandated by code.MBMA / General US Practice
⚠ Verify details from original standards before use

Key Values7

Quick Reference Values
Cyclonic Importance Factor (k4) for structures within 50km of coast in 55 & 50 m/s zones1.15
Cyclonic Importance Factor (k4) for post-cyclone importance structures1.30
Minimum Base Metal Thickness (BMT) for roof and wall cladding0.5 mm
Minimum grade for primary frame connection boltsGrade 8.8
Minimum grade for secondary connection bolts (purlins, girts)Grade 4.6
Minimum design life for permanent buildings50 years
Maximum permissible drift at top of columns under serviceability loadsH/150
Key Formulas
Vz = Vb * k1 * k2 * k3 * k4 — Design wind speed at height z
pd = 0.6 * Vz^2 — Design wind pressure in N/m^2 at height z
F = (Cpe - Cpi) * A * pd — Wind force on a surface element

Tables & Referenced Sections

Key Tables
Table 1 - Values of Cyclonic Importance Factor, k4 for Different Wind Speed Zones
Table 3 - Local Pressure Coefficients (Cplocal) for Walls of Rectangular Clad Buildings
Table 4 - Local Pressure Coefficients (Cplocal) for Pitched Roofs of Rectangular Clad Buildings
Table 5 - Permeability of Building and Corresponding Internal Pressure Coefficients (Cpi)
Key Clauses
Clause 5 - Wind Loads
Clause 6 - Design of Superstructure
Clause 7 - Design of Cladding and Fasteners
Clause 8 - Design of Foundations
Clause 9 - Detailing and Construction Practices

Related Resources on InfraLens

Cross-Referenced Codes
IS 800:2007General Construction in Steel - Code of Pract...
→
IS 801:1975Code of Practice for Use of Cold-Formed Light...
→
IS 2062:2011Hot Rolled Medium and High Tensile Structural...
→
IS 1367:2002Technical Supply Conditions for Threaded Stee...
→

Frequently Asked Questions4

What is the primary purpose of the k4 factor in this code?+
The k4 factor, or cyclonic importance factor, is introduced to increase the design wind speed to account for the higher risk and specific characteristics of cyclonic winds, which are not fully covered by the basic wind speed maps in IS 875 (Part 3). (Clause 5.3.4)
What is the value of k4 for an industrial building 30 km from the coast in a 50 m/s wind zone?+
The value of k4 would be 1.15, as the structure is within 50 km of the coastline in a high-wind zone. (Table 1)
What is the minimum thickness for roof sheets according to this standard?+
The minimum Base Metal Thickness (BMT) for both roof and wall cladding sheets is 0.5 mm. (Clause 7.1.1)
Does this code replace IS 800 for PEB design?+
No, this code provides supplementary guidelines specific to cyclone resistance for PEBs. The general design of steel members must still comply with IS 800 (for hot-rolled sections) and IS 801 (for cold-formed sections).

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