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IS 656 : 1988Logs for Plywood

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JAS for Logs (Notification No. 67 of 2007) · EN 1309-2 · ANSI/HPVA HP-1
CurrentSpecializedSpecificationMaterials Science · Timber and Timber Stores
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OverviewValues4InternationalTablesFAQ3Related

IS 656:1988 is the Indian Standard (BIS) for logs for plywood. This standard covers the requirements for timber logs intended for the manufacture of plywood. It outlines the suitable species, dimensional measurements, grading categories, and permissible defects for logs used in rotary peeling or slicing into veneers.

Logs for Plywood

Overview

Status
Current
Usage level
Specialized
Domain
Materials Science — Timber and Timber Stores
Type
Specification
International equivalents
JAS for Logs (Notification No. 67 of 2007) · MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), JapanEN 1309-2:2006 · CEN (European Committee for Standardization), EuropeANSI/HPVA HP-1-2020 · ANSI/HPVA (American National Standards Institute / Hardwood Plywood & Veneer Association), USA
Typically used with
IS 303IS 707
Also on InfraLens for IS 656
4Key values1Tables3FAQs
Practical Notes
! Logs should be meticulously inspected for metallic inclusions (nails, fencing wire, etc.) before peeling to avoid severe damage to the lathe knives.
! Prompt end-coating of harvested logs is highly recommended to prevent rapid moisture loss and subsequent end splitting, which reduces veneer yield.
! Center rot or hollow heart defects are particularly critical to check, as the lathe chucks require a solid core to grip and rotate the log during peeling.
Frequently referenced clauses
Cl. 3TerminologyCl. 4Species of TimberCl. 5DimensionsCl. 6DefectsCl. 7Grading
Pulled from IS 656:1988. Browse the full clause & table index below in Tables & Referenced Sections.
timberwoodlogsplywoodveneer

International Equivalents

Similar International Standards
JAS for Logs (Notification No. 67 of 2007)MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Japan
HighCurrent
Japanese Agricultural Standard for Logs
Covers qualitative grading of logs based on species, dimensions, and permissible defects, similar to IS 656.
EN 1309-2:2006CEN (European Committee for Standardization), Europe
MediumCurrent
Round and sawn timber - Method of measurement of dimensions - Part 2: Round timber - Requirements for measurement and volume calculation rules
Overlaps specifically on the methodology for measuring log dimensions and calculating volume.
ANSI/HPVA HP-1-2020ANSI/HPVA (American National Standards Institute / Hardwood Plywood & Veneer Association), USA
LowCurrent
American National Standard for Hardwood and Decorative Plywood
Focuses on the finished plywood product, but its veneer grade requirements (A, B, C, etc.) indirectly define the quality needed from the source logs.
BS 381-1:1974BSI (British Standards Institution), UK
LowWithdrawn
Specification for Colours for identification, coding and special purposes. Part 1: Colours for use in coding and identification
This is a historical equivalent for the color codes used for marking logs, as referenced in older versions of log standards.
Key Differences
≠IS 656 groups a wide variety of Indian timber species into three classes (I, II, III) based on suitability for plywood. In contrast, international standards like JAS are often structured around specific species or regional species groups (e.g., Larch, Cypress, Spruce).
≠The grading system in IS 656 is A, B, C, and D. The Japanese JAS for Logs uses a more complex system combining species with grades like 'Special Selection', 'First Grade', and 'Second Grade', which have different defect criteria for each species.
≠IS 656 specifies the use of the quarter-girth formula for volume calculation. Modern European standards like EN 1309-2 mandate more accurate methods, with Huber's formula (using mid-diameter) as the reference method.
≠While IS 656 is explicitly for 'Logs for Plywood', many international standards provide grading rules for 'Round Timber' in general, without specifying end-use. This means their defect allowances might be less tailored to the specific requirements of rotary peeling or slicing for veneer.
Key Similarities
≈All standards are based on the core principle of visual inspection to classify logs based on the presence, size, and frequency of defects that impact the quality and yield of the final product.
≈The types of defects considered are universally consistent, including knots (sound, unsound), splits/checks, decay, insect damage (borer holes), grain deviation (spiral/cross), and log form (sweep/crook).
≈All related standards require the fundamental measurement of log length and girth/diameter as the basis for volume calculation and for applying size-dependent defect limitations.
≈The concept of marking logs for identification of species, grade, and origin is a common practice recommended or mandated across IS 656 and equivalent international systems.
Parameter Comparison
ParameterIS ValueInternationalSource
Log Grade DesignationGrades A, B, C, D based on defect levels.'Special Selection', 'First Grade', 'Second Grade', with criteria varying by species.JAS for Logs (2007)
Volume Calculation MethodQuarter-girth formula: V = L x (G/4)²Huber's formula (mid-diameter based) is the reference method: V = L x (π/4)d_mid²EN 1309-2:2006
Girth / Diameter Measurement PointGirth measured at the mid-point of the log.Mid-diameter is the reference measurement; rules for using end-diameters are also provided.EN 1309-2:2006
Minimum Girth / Diameter (Top Grade)Minimum mid-girth of 60 cm (approx. 19 cm diameter) for Grade A logs.Minimum top-end diameter varies by species, e.g., 14 cm for Sugi and Hinoki logs.JAS for Logs (2007)
Knot Allowance (Top Grade Example)Grade A: Sound knots up to 50 mm dia, max one per meter length. No unsound knots.JAS 'Special Selection' (Sugi): Sound knots up to 30 mm dia, number limited by log diameter.JAS for Logs (2007)
End Split Allowance (Top Grade)Grade A: Not to exceed 50 mm in length at each end.Often defined by the severity and length relative to log diameter, e.g., 'not passing through the heart'.General US Veneer Log Grading Rules
⚠ Verify details from original standards before use

Key Values4

Quick Reference Values
Length allowance for cross-cuttingAt least 10 cm
Measurement of lengthMeasured from the shortest distance between the two parallel planes at the ends
Measurement of girthMeasured at the mid-length of the log underbark
Sweep (curvature) toleranceRestricted based on log grade (typically measured as maximum deviation from a straight edge)

Tables & Referenced Sections

Key Tables
Table 1 - Species of Timber Suitable for Manufacture of Plywood
Key Clauses
Clause 3 - Terminology
Clause 4 - Species of Timber
Clause 5 - Dimensions
Clause 6 - Defects
Clause 7 - Grading

Related Resources on InfraLens

Cross-Referenced Codes
IS 303:1989Plywood for General Purposes - Specification
→
IS 707:2011Timber Technology And Utilization of Wood, Ba...
→

Frequently Asked Questions3

Which standard defines the terminology for defects mentioned in IS 656?+
IS 707 (Glossary of terms applicable to timber technology and utilization).
How is the girth of a plywood log measured?+
Girth is typically measured at the exact mid-length of the log, and it should represent the underbark measurement. If measured overbark, a standard deduction must be applied.
Can any timber species be used for plywood logs?+
No, the standard provides specific lists of approved timber species (e.g., Gurjan, Teak, Mango) that possess the right density, peeling characteristics, and durability for plywood manufacture.

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