What technique is best for improving loose sand?

Vibro-compaction, dynamic compaction, or vibro-replacement (stone columns) are generally suitable for densifying loose sands (Table 1).

Can preloading be used for sandy soils?

No, preloading with vertical drains is most effective for accelerating consolidation in cohesive soils like soft clays and silts (Clause 6.2).

Does this code give design calculations for ground improvement?

No, it is a guideline for selecting a technique. For design, one must refer to specialized literature and other relevant standards.

What are the primary factors for selecting a ground improvement method?

The main factors are soil type, required bearing capacity, settlement tolerance, depth of weak soil, and groundwater conditions (Clause 5).

IS 13094

: 1992

Selection of ground improvement techniques for foundation in weak soils -Guidelines

CurrentFrequently UsedGuidelinesBIMGeotechnical · Soil and Foundation Engineering

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This standard provides guidelines for selecting appropriate ground improvement techniques for foundations on weak or problematic soils. It describes various methods like vibro-compaction, dynamic compaction, preloading, stone columns, and grouting, and outlines their applicability based on soil type, project requirements, and site conditions.

Selection of ground improvement techniques for foundation in weak soils -Guidelines

Quick Reference Values

Vibro-compaction fines content limit< 15-20%

Dynamic Compaction effective depthUp to 10 m

Stone Column suitable soilSoft clays, silts and clayey sands

Preloading suitable soilNormally consolidated clays and silts

Lime Piles/Columns suitable soilSoft clays with high moisture content

Grouting permeability range for cement10^-1 to 10^-4 cm/s

Practical Notes

The flowchart in Appendix A is the most practical tool for a preliminary selection of techniques.

This code is a selection guide, not a design manual. Detailed design must be done by a geotechnical specialist.

The choice of technique is heavily influenced by local availability of equipment, materials, and expertise, which is not covered by the code.