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IS 4861 : 1984Specification for dry powder for fighting fires in burning metals

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UL 711, 9th Edition · NFPA 10, 2022 Edition · EN 615
CurrentSpecializedSpecificationFire Safety · Fire Fighting
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OverviewValues4InternationalTablesFAQ3Related

IS 4861:1984 is the Indian Standard (BIS) for dry powder for fighting fires in burning metals. This standard specifies the physical, chemical, and fire performance requirements for dry powder extinguishing agents used specifically for fighting Class D fires involving combustible metals such as magnesium, aluminium, zinc, sodium, and potassium.

Specification for dry powder for fighting fires in burning metals

Overview

Status
Current
Usage level
Specialized
Domain
Fire Safety — Fire Fighting
Type
Specification
International equivalents
UL 711, 9th Edition · Underwriters Laboratories (UL), USANFPA 10, 2022 Edition · National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), USAEN 615:2009 · CEN (European Committee for Standardization), EuropeNo direct equivalent · ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
Typically used with
IS 2190IS 4308IS 11833
Also on InfraLens for IS 4861
4Key values1Tables3FAQs
Practical Notes
! Never use water, foam, or standard ABC/BC dry powders on combustible metal fires, as they can cause violent or explosive reactions.
! The powder must be protected from moisture ingress during storage to prevent caking and ensure flowability.
! Application of Class D powder must be done gently to build up a smothering crust without scattering burning metal particles.
Frequently referenced clauses
Cl. 3Requirements (Physical and Chemical)Cl. 4Fire Performance TestCl. 5PackingCl. 6Marking
Pulled from IS 4861:1984. Browse the full clause & table index below in Tables & Referenced Sections.
dry powderTEC powdercombustible metalsextinguishing agent

International Equivalents

Similar International Standards
UL 711, 9th EditionUnderwriters Laboratories (UL), USA
MediumCurrent
Standard for Rating and Fire Testing of Fire Extinguishers
Specifies performance-based fire tests for extinguishers, including Class D metal fires, but not the powder's chemical/physical properties.
NFPA 10, 2022 EditionNational Fire Protection Association (NFPA), USA
LowCurrent
Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers
Covers extinguisher selection, installation, and maintenance; mandates Class D extinguishers be 'listed' (e.g., to UL 711) for specific metals.
EN 615:2009CEN (European Committee for Standardization), Europe
LowCurrent
Fire protection — Fire extinguishing media — Specifications for powders (other than class D powders)
Specifies powder properties but explicitly excludes Class D; useful for comparing test methodologies for physical properties like density and particle size.
No direct equivalentISO (International Organization for Standardization)
LowCurrent
N/A
ISO 7202, the main ISO standard for extinguishing powders, explicitly excludes Class D powders, highlighting a lack of global harmonization for Class D powder specifications.
Key Differences
≠IS 4861 is prescriptive, specifying acceptable chemical bases (e.g., graphite, sodium chloride). In contrast, the North American approach (UL 711/NFPA 10) is performance-based, where any powder composition is acceptable if it passes standardized fire tests for specific metals.
≠IS 4861 defines a single, generic fire performance test (e.g., on a magnesium fire). UL 711 specifies a suite of different fire tests for various metals (Mg, Na, K, NaK, Ti, Zr), and an extinguisher is rated only for the specific metals it has been successfully tested on.
≠Modern European standards for other powders (like EN 615) include more rigorous tests for hygroscopicity and caking, often involving cyclic humidity and temperature changes, which are more demanding than the static test in the 1984 Indian Standard.
≠International standards like NFPA 10 require the agent to be compatible with the specific metal hazard, a concept of 'listing for a specific metal' which is less formalized in IS 4861.
Key Similarities
≈All frameworks recognize that agents for combustible metal (Class D) fires are unique and not interchangeable with powders for Class A, B, or C fires.
≈Both IS 4861 and other powder-related standards (e.g., EN 615) specify requirements and test methods for fundamental physical properties like apparent density, moisture content, and particle size distribution.
≈A mandatory, practical fire performance test is the ultimate criterion for acceptance in both IS 4861 and international performance standards like UL 711, confirming the agent's effectiveness.
≈Both the Indian and international standards require the extinguishing powder to be non-toxic and non-corrosive during storage to ensure safety and longevity of the extinguisher.
Parameter Comparison
ParameterIS ValueInternationalSource
Moisture Content (max)0.25% by mass0.25% by massEN 615:2009
Fire Performance TestExtinguish fire of 2 kg magnesium turnings in a 50x50x10 cm steel tray.Varies by rating. E.g., a 4-D rating test uses ~2.2 kg (5 lbs) of magnesium in a 30"x30" pan.UL 711
Apparent (Bulk) Density1.0 ± 0.1 g/ml (for TEC powder). Fixed value.Manufacturer's nominal declared value ± 7.5%. Not a fixed value.EN 615:2009
Particle Size Distribution≥90% of mass shall be between 45 µm and 150 µm.Specified as cumulative oversize on different sieves (e.g., <35% on 125µm, <90% on 40µm).EN 615:2009
Hygroscopicity TestStatic test: 48 hrs at 40°C & 80% RH. Moisture gain must be <0.5%.Dynamic test: Involves cycles of humidification and heating, followed by a qualitative check for lumps and flowability.EN 615:2009
Heat Resistance (Thermal Stability)Heat at 60°C for 24 hours. Mass loss should be <0.5%.Heat at 60°C for 24 hours. No visible evidence of reaction, decomposition or caking (qualitative).EN 615:2009
⚠ Verify details from original standards before use

Key Values4

Quick Reference Values
Target fire classClass D (combustible metals)
Maximum moisture content0.25 percent by mass
Extinguishing mechanismOxygen exclusion via crust formation/smothering
ToxicityNon-toxic

Tables & Referenced Sections

Key Tables
Table 1 - Physical and Chemical Requirements
Key Clauses
Clause 3 - Requirements (Physical and Chemical)
Clause 4 - Fire Performance Test
Clause 5 - Packing
Clause 6 - Marking

Related Resources on InfraLens

Cross-Referenced Codes
IS 2190:2010Selection, Installation and maintenance of fi...
→
IS 4308:2003Specification for Dry Chemical Powder for Fig...
→
IS 11833:1986Specification for a dry powder fire extinguis...
→

Frequently Asked Questions3

What type of fire is IS 4861 powder used for?+
It is used exclusively for Class D fires, which involve burning combustible metals like magnesium, sodium, and aluminium.
How does this dry powder extinguish burning metals?+
It typically absorbs heat and fuses to form a solid crust over the burning metal, isolating it from ambient oxygen.
Can this powder be used in any standard fire extinguisher?+
No, it must be used in specifically designed Class D fire extinguishers (e.g., as per IS 11833) equipped with a low-velocity applicator.

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