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IS 12208 : 1987Method for measurement of earth pressure by a hydraulic pressure cell

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ISO 18674-5 · BS EN ISO 18674-5 · USACE EM 1110-2
CurrentSpecializedTesting MethodGeotechnical · Soil and Foundation Engineering
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OverviewValues4InternationalTablesFAQ4

IS 12208:1987 is the Indian Standard (BIS) for method for measurement of earth pressure by a hydraulic pressure cell. This standard details the methodology for measuring earth pressure in-situ using a hydraulic pressure cell. It specifies the apparatus characteristics, calibration procedures, installation techniques, observation recording, and calculation methods for determining pressure in soil or on structures.

Method for measurement of earth pressure by a hydraulic pressure cell

Overview

Status
Current
Usage level
Specialized
Domain
Geotechnical — Soil and Foundation Engineering
Type
Testing Method
International equivalents
ISO 18674-5:2020 · International Organization for Standardization (ISO), InternationalBS EN ISO 18674-5:2020 · British Standards Institution (BSI), United KingdomUSACE EM 1110-2-1908 · U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), USAASTM D5719 / D5719M - 19 · ASTM International, USA
Also on InfraLens for IS 12208
4Key values4FAQs
Practical Notes
! Complete de-airing of the hydraulic fluid and tubing is absolutely critical for obtaining accurate and responsive pressure readings.
! The placement and orientation of the cell must be precise to measure the pressure component in the intended direction (e.g., normal or parallel to a structural surface).
! Backfilling around the cell must be done carefully to match the density of the surrounding soil to avoid creating an artificially high or low-stress zone around the instrument.
Frequently referenced clauses
Cl. 3ApparatusCl. 4Calibration of Pressure CellCl. 5InstallationCl. 6ObservationsCl. 7Calculations
Pulled from IS 12208:1987. Browse the full clause & table index below in Tables & Referenced Sections.
soilearthrockfill

International Equivalents

Similar International Standards
ISO 18674-5:2020International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International
HighCurrent
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Geotechnical monitoring by field instrumentation — Part 5: Stress-change sensors
Covers the principles, installation, and monitoring of various stress-change sensors, including hydraulic pressure cells.
BS EN ISO 18674-5:2020British Standards Institution (BSI), United Kingdom
HighCurrent
Geotechnical investigation and testing. Geotechnical monitoring by field instrumentation. Stress-change sensors
The UK's national adoption of the ISO 18674-5 standard, making it functionally identical.
USACE EM 1110-2-1908U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), USA
MediumCurrent
Instrumentation of Embankment Dams and Levees
A detailed engineering manual providing procedural guidance on instrumenting earth structures, including hydraulic pressure cells.
ASTM D5719 / D5719M - 19ASTM International, USA
LowCurrent
Standard Guide for Characterizing and Selecting Geotechnical Instruments for Monitoring Dams
Provides guidance on selecting instruments, including pressure cells, for dam monitoring, but not the measurement method itself.
Key Differences
≠IS 12208 is highly prescriptive, detailing specific design aspects like cell aspect ratio and diaphragm thickness. ISO 18674-5 is performance-based, focusing on required accuracy, drift, and system uncertainty rather than dictating instrument design.
≠The Indian standard is narrowly focused on hydraulic pressure cells, whereas ISO 18674-5 covers a broader range of stress-change sensors, including vibrating wire, strain-gauged, and fibre-optic types.
≠IS 12208, from 1987, describes a manual readout system using a Bourdon gauge. Modern standards like ISO 18674-5 extensively cover automated data acquisition systems (DAS), telemetry, and digital data management.
≠The ISO standard provides more rigorous and detailed requirements for calibration, survivability, and reporting, reflecting modern quality assurance practices in geotechnical instrumentation that are not as developed in the older IS code.
Key Similarities
≈Both standards are founded on the same principle of using a fluid-filled diaphragm cell to measure total earth pressure by balancing external pressure with internal fluid pressure.
≈Both IS 12208 and its international counterparts are intended for the same primary application: measuring total stress in soil and rock, and at the interface between ground and structures like dams and retaining walls.
≈All related standards strongly emphasize the critical need to completely de-air the hydraulic system (cell, tubing, gauge) to prevent errors caused by the compressibility of trapped air.
≈There is a shared understanding in both the IS code and modern standards that proper installation is paramount for obtaining meaningful data, including considerations for matching cell stiffness to the surrounding soil to minimize arching effects.
Parameter Comparison
ParameterIS ValueInternationalSource
Cell Aspect Ratio (Diameter/Thickness)Suggested to be not less than 20 to minimize arching.No specific ratio is mandated; performance-based approach emphasizes matching cell stiffness to the ground to minimize inclusion effects.ISO 18674-5:2020
Over-range CapacityCell should withstand 1.5 times the design pressure.Sensors should have an over-range protection of at least 150 % of the full-scale output (FSO).ISO 18674-5:2020
Hydraulic FluidRecommends de-aired oil or a mixture of ethylene glycol and water.Specifies de-aired, non-gassing, low-viscosity, frost-resistant fluids (e.g., glycol-water mixtures).ISO 18674-5:2020
Tubing MaterialSuggests twin nylon tubing of 3 mm internal diameter.Mentions metal (e.g., stainless steel) or high-pressure polymer tubing, with an emphasis on durability.ISO 18674-5:2020
Readout System AccuracyBourdon gauge accuracy should be ±1 percent of the maximum dial reading.Focuses on 'system uncertainty', which for high-consequence applications (Class 1) may be required to be <2% FSO.ISO 18674-5:2020
Maximum Diaphragm DeflectionSuggests maximum center deflection should be about 0.025 mm.No specific value given; requires 'high stiffness' or 'low volume change' to ensure the cell measures stress, not strain.ISO 18674-5:2020
⚠ Verify details from original standards before use

Key Values4

Quick Reference Values
Cell aspect ratio (diameter to thickness)20 to 40
Maximum central deflection of cell membrane1/1000 of the cell diameter
Calibration pressure increments10 to 20 % of the design pressure
Thickness of sand pocket for installation2 to 5 mm
Key Formulas
P = P' + C — where P is earth pressure, P' is observed pressure, and C is the cell constant

Tables & Referenced Sections

Key Tables
No tables data
Key Clauses
Clause 3 - Apparatus
Clause 4 - Calibration of Pressure Cell
Clause 5 - Installation
Clause 6 - Observations
Clause 7 - Calculations

Frequently Asked Questions4

What is the primary purpose of this standard?+
To provide a method for measuring the total pressure in earth/rock or at the interface between the earth/rock and a structure using a hydraulic pressure cell (Clause 1.1).
When should a pressure cell be calibrated?+
The cell must be calibrated before each installation in the field to determine its cell constant (Clause 4.1).
What is the required aspect ratio for the pressure cell?+
The ratio of the cell diameter to its thickness should be between 20 and 40 to minimize errors from soil arching and cell rigidity (Clause 3.1.2).
How is the final earth pressure calculated from the readings?+
The earth pressure (P) is calculated by adding the cell constant (C) to the observed pressure reading (P'). The formula is P = P' + C (Clause 7.1).

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