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IS 1140 : 1988logs for matches

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UNECE Standard Hw/R · EN 1927 · JAS for Logs (Notification No. 2004 of 2017)
CurrentSpecializedSpecificationMaterials Science · Timber and Timber Stores
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IS 1140:1988 is the Indian Standard (BIS) for logs for matches. This standard specifies the requirements for timber logs used in the manufacture of matches. It outlines acceptable timber species, required dimensions, and permissible defects to ensure the logs are suitable for peeling into veneers for match splints and boxes.

logs for matches

Overview

Status
Current
Usage level
Specialized
Domain
Materials Science — Timber and Timber Stores
Type
Specification
International equivalents
UNECE Standard Hw/R:2017 · UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe)EN 1927:2021 · CEN (European Committee for Standardization)JAS for Logs (Notification No. 2004 of 2017) · MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan)ISO 4480:2020 · ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
Typically used with
IS 399IS 3364
Practical Notes
! Logs intended for matchwood must ideally be fresh-felled and free from severe biological degradation to ensure smooth and continuous peeling.
! Moisture content is critical; logs should not be allowed to dry out excessively before processing to prevent the wood from becoming too brittle for splint extraction.
! End coating of logs is highly recommended immediately after felling to prevent end-splitting and moisture loss.
timbermatchwoodwood logssplints

International Equivalents

Similar International Standards
UNECE Standard Hw/R:2017UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe)
MediumCurrent
UNECE Standard for Hardwood Logs
Provides a framework for qualitative classification and grading of non-coniferous logs based on defects, similar in principle to the IS code.
EN 1927:2021CEN (European Committee for Standardization)
MediumCurrent
Qualitative classification of softwood round timber
Details a system for grading softwood logs based on visual defects and dimensions, which is analogous to the IS approach for matchstick timber.
JAS for Logs (Notification No. 2004 of 2017)MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan)
MediumCurrent
Japanese Agricultural Standard for Logs
Offers a comprehensive log grading system based on species, dimensions, and permissible defects for various industrial uses.
ISO 4480:2020ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
LowCurrent
Round timber — Measurement of dimensions and determination of volume
Covers only the methodology for measuring log dimensions and volume, not quality or defect assessment, but is referenced by other grading standards.
Key Differences
≠IS 1140 is highly specific to a single end-use (matches), whereas international standards (UNECE, EN) provide general quality classes (A, B, C, D) applicable to various end-uses like veneer, sawmilling, or pulp.
≠The Indian standard lists timber species native to the Indian subcontinent (e.g., Ailanthus, Salmalia), while international standards focus on species relevant to their regions (e.g., Oak, Beech, Spruce, Fir).
≠IS 1140 specifies volume calculation using the 'quarter-girth' formula based on girth measurement. European standards predominantly use Huber's formula based on mid-diameter measurement.
≠Measurements in IS 1140 are typically taken 'over bark', whereas European standards often require measurements and quality assessment to be done 'under bark'.
Key Similarities
≈All standards utilize a defect-based grading system, classifying logs based on the presence, size, and frequency of knots, splits, decay, insect damage, and form deviations.
≈Both the Indian and international standards specify minimum dimensional requirements, such as minimum girth/diameter and acceptable log lengths, for commercial acceptance.
≈The practice of measuring the log at its mid-length to determine its representative girth or diameter for volume calculation is a common principle.
≈The types of defects identified and defined are universally recognized across all standards, including heartshakes, starshakes, sound knots, dead knots, sweep, and taper.
Parameter Comparison
ParameterIS ValueInternationalSource
Primary Measurement UnitGirth (circumference) in centimeters (cm)Diameter in millimeters (mm) or centimeters (cm)EN 1927:2021
Volume Calculation FormulaQuarter-girth formula: V = (G/4)² * LHuber's formula: V = (π/4 * Dm²) * LISO 4480:2020
Measurement Point for Girth/DiameterAt the mid-length of the log, over bark.At the mid-point of the log, under bark, as an average of two perpendicular measurements.UNECE Standard Hw/R:2017
Minimum Girth RequirementMinimum 75 cm over bark at mid-length.Varies by quality class, e.g., minimum top diameter of 25 cm for Quality Class A.UNECE Standard Hw/R:2017
Standard Log LengthsMultiples of 0.3 m (e.g., 1.5 m, 1.8 m, 2.1 m).Preferred lengths in multiples of 1.0 m; other lengths by agreement.EN 1927:2021
Handling of Knots (High Grade)Permits sound, tight knots up to a specified diameter (e.g., 5 cm).Permits sound, intergrown knots up to a diameter relative to the log diameter (e.g., < 4 cm for Class A).UNECE Standard Hw/R:2017
End-Use SpecificitySpecific to logs for match splints and boxes.General classification for a range of uses (veneer, sawing, pulpwood).EN 1927:2021
⚠ Verify details from original standards before use

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Related Resources on InfraLens

Cross-Referenced Codes
IS 399:1966Classification of Commercial Timbers and Thei...
→
IS 3364:2000Methods of measurement and evaluation of defe...
→

Frequently Asked Questions3

What types of defects are strictly restricted in matchwood logs?+
Severe cross grain, center rot, hollows, and large dead knots are heavily restricted or prohibited as they interfere with the rotary peeling process.
Why must matchwood logs retain high moisture?+
To ensure the wood remains sufficiently soft and pliable for continuous veneer peeling without breaking or producing brittle splints.
Which timber species are commonly preferred for match logs in India?+
Species like Semul (Bombax ceiba), Poplar (Populus spp.), and Maharukh (Ailanthus excelsa) are commonly utilized due to their straight grain, softness, and uniform texture.

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